The Separation Wall snakes along the main Jerusalem-Bethlehem Road, December 28, 2021.

Credit: 

Afif Amireh for Jerusalem Story

Blog Post

Perspective: Once the Capital of the Arab World, Jerusalem Has Become an Isolated and Besieged City

Anyone walking in the streets of Jerusalem and in the alleys, roads, and neighborhoods of the empty Old City in the early morning and the afternoon hours will find it hard to believe that this besieged and dismembered city was once (and not long ago) an Arab metropolitan city. In fact, it was one of the most important Arab capitals—a city that never slept.

As the writer Nasser al-Din al-Nashashibi said, “Before 1948, it was the dream of every Arab journalist to come and work in one of Jaffa’s many and varied weekly and monthly newspapers and magazines. After the Nakba, it became the dream of every Arab journalist, writer, and even artist or businessman to come to Jerusalem, which was among the most modern Arab capitals, to gain experience, knowledge, audience, and money.”1

Sheikh Mazen Ahram, a former waqf official, once told me that the great Arab reciters including Sheikh Abdul Basit Muhammad Abdul Samad were racing to come to Jerusalem and read the Quran in al-Aqsa Mosque throughout the holy month of Ramadan. In fact, during one memorable Ramadan, more than 20 Quran reciters flocked to Jerusalem, he relayed.

For a time, Jerusalem lost its role as Palestine’s commercial and economic center after the 1948 War. That center had extended from Jaffa Gate south to Jurat al-‘Inab and west to Mamilla (Ma’man Allah) and north to the beginning of Jaffa Street. After the war, when the city was divided into a Jewish West and an Arab East under Jordanian rule, the Jordanian government found an alternative center, which began from the commercial neighborhood of Musrara, the heartbeat of Jerusalem, to Salah al-Din Street and ending at al-Zahra Street.

Musrara, Jerusalem, Palestine, ca. 1934–39

The Palestinian neighborhood of Musrara in the New City outside the Old City walls, shown here between 1934 and 1939

Credit: 

Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division [LC-DIG-matpc-14445]

A study, soon to be published by the International Peace and Cooperation Center (IPCC) in East Jerusalem, reported that there were 8 foreign banks in Jerusalem, 15 local newspapers, 3 foreign newspapers, 3 cinemas, 4 modern hospitals, 13 foreign consulates, 70 travel agents, and 60 hotels. More than 3,000 flights took off from Jerusalem’s Qalandiya Airport each year, including two daily flights to Beirut and two to Kuwait.

This activity made Jerusalem a modern and highly developed capital. The study’s author, Dr. Mansour Nasasra, a professor of international relations and political science in Israel, mentioned how the city of Jerusalem was transformed from a metropolitan city for the Arab world before the Nakba and (vis-à-vis East Jerusalem) during the Jordanian period into a city that today is almost isolated from the Arab and Palestinian sphere.

This change was evident over the years:

In the Jordanian period, Jerusalem played a political role from 1948 to 1967, as Jerusalem was a central link with the Arab world. The city of Jerusalem was linked economically and politically daily to the capital, Amman, via the Jerusalem-Qalandia International Airport and the Mandelbaum Gate, and via buses and taxis that went from Damascus Gate to Abdali Circle in Amman on a daily basis. This Jordanian period was characterized by Arab diplomatic activity centered in the Sheikh Jarrah neighborhood, especially the role played by the Arab consulates, including the Saudi, Iraqi, Kuwaiti, Egyptian, and United Arab Republic consulates, the Palestine Liberation Organization office, the Arab League, the Muslim Brotherhood office, the Communist Party, and others. The Jordanian period in Jerusalem was also characterized by exciting political, partisan, and economic activities in which the people of Jerusalem played a central role through ministerial positions in Amman and in the Arab Jerusalem Municipality, which was managed by Ruhi al-Khatib before the Naksa.2

Bio Ruhi al-Khatib

Jerusalemite who dedicated his life to public service and strengthening the city, including as mayor 1957–67; popularly known as the “Amin of Jerusalem”

All this activity ended when Israel occupied East Jerusalem in June 1967 and wrested control from Jordan. Subsequently, the Israeli authorities did everything they could to kill activity on the eastern side of Jerusalem, yet it remained a commercial center and the heart of Palestine. The Musrara area was the commercial and transportation center linking the northern and southern parts of the West Bank with the Gaza Strip. Jerusalem maintained its role as a cultural center, through its newspapers, magazines, unions, and federations.

But even this ended after the signing of the Oslo Accords and the establishment of the Palestinian Authority (PA) in the mid-1990s. For Jerusalemites, the Oslo agreements were an unmitigated disaster. The exclusionary framework of the Oslo Accords has led to the separation of East Jerusalem from the rest of the occupied Palestinian Territories (oPT), without integrating it into the economy of the western part of the city. Israeli policies have focused on annexing the Palestinian lands of Jerusalem and imposing Israeli sovereignty over them, but without annexing or integrating its Palestinian inhabitants, instead seeking to reduce their number as much as possible through silent displacement that continues to this day.3

Thirty-one years after the signing of the Oslo Accords, the policies of separating Arab Jerusalem from the rest of the oPT have succeeded only in preventing the emergence of Palestinian political leadership in the city after the death of Faisal Husseini. The occupation is still trying to impose its sovereignty over the city, but it is still no more than a formal sovereignty.

For Jerusalem- ites, the Oslo agreements were an unmitigated disaster.

Notes

1

Khalil Assali, Lover of the Pen and Trouble Tale [in Arabic] (Jerusalem: Bab al-Amud Publishing, 2010), 121.

2

Mansour Nasasra, email message to author, October 3, 2024.

3

See Mansour Nasasra, “The Politics of Exclusion of Palestinians in Israel since Oslo: Between the Local and the National,” in From the River to the Sea: Palestine and Israel in the Shadow of “Peace,” ed. Mandy Turner (Lanham, MD: Lexington Books, 2019), 125–58.

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